英语的行为动词有持续性动词和瞬间性动词之分,使用中应注意两者的区别。下面小编告诉你英语动词分类及用法,大家一起来看看吧!
英语动词分类及用法:
一、持续性动词
表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。常见的有study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean, slean, sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, write, sit, stand, lie, keep等。
二、瞬间性动词
表示一个动作发生在一瞬间,非常短暂。亦称终止性动词。常见的有begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等。
以上已集中了初中教材的大部分持续性动词及瞬间性动词。
三、用法
1、以上两类动词都能用于现在完成时,表示动作到现在为止已结束,例如:
He has studied English for three years.(他学英语已有3年了。)
He has joined the Party.(他已入党了。)
Mum isn’t at home. She has gone to the library.(妈妈不在家,她去图书馆了。)
2、持续性动词在完成时中能与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,而瞬间性动词则不能。例如:
His parents talked with the teacher for half an hour.(他的父母跟老师谈了半个小时。)
My mother has lain in bde for 3 days.(我母亲生病卧床已经三天了。)
My parents have lived in Shanghai since 1950.(我父母亲从1950年起就住在上海了。)3、瞬间性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,通常有两种方法:
(1)用意思相当的持续性动词来替换,例如:
He has been in the army/a soldier for htree years.(他参军已有3年了。)不能用has joined
She has been up for quite some time.(她起床已有好久了。)不能用has got up
Has your brother been away from home for a long time?(你哥哥离家已有好久了吗?)不能用has left
常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系如下:
1、go——be away 2、come——be here
3、come back——be back 4、leave——be away(be not here)
5、buy——have 6、borrow——keep
7、die——be dead 8、begin——be on
9、finish——be over 10、open——be open
11、close——be closed 12、lose——be lost
13、get to know——know 14、turn on——be on
15、get up——be up 16、sit down——sit/be seated
17、join——be in(…)或be a…member 18、become——be
(2)用it is…since…结构来替换瞬间动词,例如:
电影已经开映5分钟了。(两种方法)
The film has been on for five minutes.
It’s five minutes since the film began.
他离开上海已有3天了。(两种方法)
He has been away from Shanghai for three days.
It is three days since he left Shanghai.
这本书我还给图书馆已有两周了。(一种方法)
It’s two weeks since I returned the book to the library.
他找到他妹妹已有多久了?(一种方法)
How long is it since be found his sister?
4、瞬间动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用,例如:
I haven’t seen you for a long time.(好久没见到你了。)
英语动词的用法:
一,实义动词
有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独立作谓语。
实义动词可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类。
及物动词:后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词。
不及物动词:本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。
及物动词常用句型:
1,主语+谓语+宾语
2,主语+谓语+间宾+直宾
3,主语+谓语+宾语+宾补
不及物动词常用句型:主语+谓语
二,连系动词
用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。
① 常用的连系动词有:be、become、go、turn、look,grow,feel,fall、sit、get,seem等。
② 有些连系动词来源于实义动词,意思也跟着变化,如:grow(生长→变得)、look(看→看起来)、get(得到、到达→变得)、smell(闻→闻起来)、taste(尝→尝起来)、grow(生长→变得)。不同的是,作为实义动词时,后面不能跟形容词。
三,助动词
① 常见的助动词有:用于进行时和被动语态的be,用于完成时的have,用于将来时的will,shall和用于一般时的do。
② 使用时,助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的
不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如:shall,will,should,would。
四,情态动词
常见的情态动词有:can、may、must、shall、will、need等;另外,have to,had better也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。
① 表示“可能、许可、能力”(can/ could, may/ might) may/ might 比较正式 can 表示已经发生的事实再次发生的可能性;may/ might表示未知的可能性。 can/ could表示“能力”时,通常可以和be able to互换;但表示将来具有的能力或是过去有能力并成功做了某事时,只能用be able to。
② 表示“必须”(must, have to) must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时;过去时可用have to的过去时代替。 must 表示主观思想;have to 表示客观需要。否定形式:mustn’t 表示“禁止”,not have to 表示“不必”。
③ 表示“敢于……”(dare) ,主要用于否定句或疑问句中。
④ 表示“建议”(shall, may/ might, (just) as well)
⑤ 表示“需要”(need)
needn’t + have done用于评论过去已发生的事情,表示过去做了没有必要做的事情,含有“不必”之意,暗指时间和金钱的浪费。
⑥ 表示“义务,责任,劝告,建议”(should, ought to)
ought to 通常表示现在,目前发生的事。
ought to/ should have done指过去的动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。
ought to/ should not have done表示不该做的却做了。
⑦ 表示“意愿或习惯”(will/ would, shall/ should)
will / would表示主语的意愿或习惯
would和used to都可以表示一种过去的习惯。
would 主要用于回忆过去;used to主要用于与现在对比,表示已经不存在的状态
shall/ should表示主语以外其他人的意愿,强调一种要求。
shall用于第二、第三人称,表示强烈愿望,表示命令,警告,允诺。含有一定要他人做某事之意。
⑧ 特殊情态动词:
be able to —— be的形式根据时态和主语的人称和数目进行变化。
have to —— have作为行为动词看待,它有人称、数目和时态变化。
had better —— 无人称和数的变化,变否定句,在better后加not。
英语连系动词的分类及用法:
(1) 状态系动词:只有be一词。如:
She is always like that. 她总是那样。
I am used to going about alone. 我习惯于独来独往。
These shoes are too tight for me. 这双鞋我穿太小。
(2) 持续系动词:表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, remain, stay, rest, lie, stand。如:
I hope you’ll keep fit. 我希望你身体好。
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
The door remained closed. 门仍然关着。
We can remain friends. 我们可以继续做朋友。
Please stay seated. 请继续坐着。
He stayed single. 他仍然是单身。
(3) 表像系动词:表示“看起来好像”,主要有seem, appear, look等。如:
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) quite happy. 他好像很快活。
The doctor seemed very capable. 那医生似乎很能干。
He appeared quite well. 他显得身体相当好。
He appeared taken aback. 他似乎很吃惊。
She appeared perplexed. 她显得迷惑不解。
(4) 感官系动词:表示“……起来”,有feel(摸起来,感觉) , smell(闻起来) , sound(听起来) , taste(尝起来,吃起来) 等。如:
This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布摸起来很软。
He looks honest, but actually he’s a rogue. 他看起来很老实,实际他是一个坏蛋。
They all look alike to me. 他们的模样我看起来都一样。
Everybody feels contented. 每个人都感到很满足。
Ice feels cold. 冰感觉起来是凉的。
Silk feels soft and smooth. 丝绸摸起来很柔软平滑。
It sounds a good idea. 这听起来是个好主意。
This food tastes good. 这菜好吃。
(5) 变化系动词:表示主语变成什么样,主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run如:
He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。
She had grown thinner and thinner. 她越来越瘦了。
His cold was growing worse. 他的感冒越来越严重了。
She’s growing fat. 她正在发胖。
He’s grown used to it. 他对此已经习惯。
When she saw this, she turned red. 她看到这,脸红了。
His hair turned grey in a few weeks. 在几个星期中他头发就变灰白了。
The milk will soon turn sour. 牛奶很快就会变酸。
Several people fell ill, victims of blood poisoning. 几个人生病了,都是血中的受害者。
We get wiser as we get old. 随着年岁的增长,我们也变得聪明些了。
Your hair has gone quite white! 你的头发全白了!
She went pale at the news. 听到这消息,她脸色变得苍白。
When I mentioned it to him he went red. 我对他提及此事时他脸红了。
He went mad. 他疯了
The children must not go hungry. 孩子们不能挨饿。
(6) 终止系动词:主要有prove, turn out(结果是,证明是) 等。如:
His story proved false. 他讲的情况原来是的。
His advice proved sound. 他的劝告证明是对的。
My intuition turned out to be correct. 我的直觉证明是对的。
英语动态动词与静态动词的用法:
一、 动词(dynamic verbs)和静态动词(stative verbs)的概念及分类。
实义动词按其语义特征可以分为动态动词和静态动词。
1. 动态动词(dynamic verbs):表示运动状态的动词。这类动词分为五种:
(1) 活动动词(activity verbs)
(2) 过程动词(process verbs)
(3) 感觉动词(verbs of bodily sensation)
(4) 过渡性动词(transitional verbs)
(5) 瞬间动词(momentary verbs)
2. 静态动词(stative verbs): 表示相对静止状态的动词。这类动词分为三种:
(1) 感觉动词(verbs of perception)
(2) 认识动词(verbs of cogition)
(3) 关系动词(relation verbs)
二、 动态动词(dynamic verbs)
1. 活动动词(activity verbs): 这类动词表示动作的发出者的有意识的,主动的行为。
这类动词有: ask, write, listen, play,run, keep,work etc.
One of the students asked me a question.
The girl writes to her mother once a week.
2. 过程动词(process verbs): 这类动词表示“过程”含有逐渐过渡的语义,通常情况下,表示动作转化为状态。
这类动词有: change, grow, get, widen, become, mature, deteriorate etc.
The village has changed a great deal since we last visited it.
It is growing cold.
3. 感觉动词(verbs of bodily sensation): 这类动词表示客观事物的个别特征在人体中引起的反映。
这类动词有: ache, feel, hurt, itch etc.
My back was hurting.
Are your mosquito bites still itching?
4. 过渡性动词(transational verbs):这类动词表示动作由一个阶段逐渐发展而转入另一种状态。
这类动词有: arrive, die, fall, land, leave, lose etc.
The train arrived at the station.
Tom’s grandfather died five years ago.
这里需要指出的是当上述过渡性动词用于进行体时,表达的不是动作达到的语义,而是过渡状态。
The train was arriving. (火车快到站了.)
Tom’s grandfather was dying. (汤姆的祖父快要去世.)
5. 瞬间动词(momentary verbs)
这类动词表示瞬间发生随即完成的动作。
这类动词有:hit,jump,tap,knock,kick,nod,meet,shoot,drop,etc.
The boss hit the boy on the head.
The teacher tapped the child on the shoulder.
值得语言学者重视的是: 瞬间动词一旦用于进行体,常表示重复性动作。
The boss was hitting the boy on the head. (连续打击)
The teacher was tapping the child on the shoulder. (连续拍打)
其中begin 虽为瞬间动词,但用于进行体中,并不表示重复,而是表示“刚刚开始”:
You are beginning to wonder whether the plan can be practicable.
通过对上述动态动词(dynamtic verbs) 的语义特征进行的分析, 可以概括为以下几点用法:
1) 动态动词可以用于祈使句。
Stop talking.
Please open the door.
2) 动态动词可以用于进行体。
The students are reading the text.
The weather is changing for the better.
3) 动态动词可以用于复合宾语中。
I told him to go to the clinic.
She asked the student write the composition.
4)动态动词可以用于带有do 代词形势得拟分裂句。
What I did was to make notes.
What I did was to leav.
三、 静态动词(stative verbs)
1. 感觉动词(verbs of perception):感觉动词用来表示主体的思维和五官活动的动词。这类动词有:see, hear, smell, sound, taste, etc.
We can smell something burning.
Can you taste onion in the soup?
2. 认识动词(verbs of cognition):认识动词用来表示各种思想感情及心理状态。
这类动词有:astonish,desire,believe,love,hate,remember,know,want,wish,think,recognize,etc.
His words astonished all.
I didn’t recognized her.
3. 关系动词(relational verbs):关系动词用来表示主体和其他事物之间的静止关系或状态。这类动词有:apply to,be,belong to,concern,resemble,consist of,contain,cost,depend on,deserve,fit,have,remain,seem,need,own,etc.
The rules apply to all undertakings.
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
通过对上述静态动词(stative verbs)的语义分析,可以概括为以下几点:
1) 静态动词不能用于祈使句。 不能说:
Hear, someone is knocking at the door.
Know him, please.
2) 静态动词一般不以进行体形式出现。不能说:
I am knowing that Jack went there.
Our class is consisting of 20 students.
3) 静态动词不能用于复合宾语(complex objects)中。不能说:
I ask him to smell something unpleasant.
I advised him remember it.
4) 静态动词不能用于带有do 代词形式的拟分裂句。不能说:
What I did was to feel pain on my head.
What she did was to dislike the novel.